According to John C. Calhoun, how did he characterize the conditions of Northern manufacturing workers?

John C. Calhoun characterized the conditions of Northern manufacturing workers as worse than those faced by slaves, highlighting the harsh realities of industrial labor during his time. He argued that industrial workers were subject to grueling hours, low wages, and poor living conditions, which he believed inflicted greater suffering compared to the life of enslavement in the South. Calhoun's perspective emphasized the dehumanizing effects of factory work, challenging the notion that industrial labor in the North was a preferable alternative to slavery.

This viewpoint reflected his defense of slavery and the Southern way of life, positioning it as a more humane and supportive system compared to the exploitative practices of Northern industry. By contrasting the lives of Northern workers with those of enslaved individuals, Calhoun sought to legitimize and justify the institution of slavery while highlighting the plight of workers in a rapidly industrializing society.