What does the First Amendment primarily protect?

The First Amendment primarily protects fundamental freedoms that are essential to a democratic society. These include the freedoms of speech, press, religion, assembly, and the right to petition the government. These rights ensure that individuals can express their thoughts, share information, practice their beliefs, gather peacefully, and request governmental action without fear of repression. This protection is vital for the functioning of democracy, as it allows for open discourse, advocacy for change, and the ability to challenge and critique government actions.

Other options focus on specific rights that are important but are governed by amendments other than the First Amendment. The rights of individuals in criminal cases, for instance, are primarily covered under amendments such as the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth. The right to bear arms is addressed in the Second Amendment, while the balance of power between states and the federal government pertains to federalism and is not directly addressed by the First Amendment. Thus, the emphasis on the broad and essential liberties outlined in the correct answer highlights the core values protected by the First Amendment.