Which landmark case established the principle of judicial review in the United States?

The landmark case that established the principle of judicial review in the United States is Marbury v. Madison. This case, decided in 1803, was monumental because it set the precedent that the Supreme Court has the authority to review acts of Congress and determine whether they are constitutional.

In this case, Chief Justice John Marshall articulated that it is "emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is." This effectively empowered the judiciary to overrule both the legislative and executive branches, thereby ensuring that all actions taken by government entities are consistent with the Constitution.

Other cases mentioned, such as Dred Scott v. Sandford, Roe v. Wade, and Brown v. Board of Education, address significant issues in American law but do not pertain to the establishment of judicial review. Dred Scott dealt with slavery and citizenship, Roe v. Wade focused on abortion rights, and Brown v. Board of Education addressed racial segregation in public schools. Each of these cases had profound social and legal impacts, but none changed the structure of judicial power in the way that Marbury v. Madison did.